Abstract Ganglioneuromas are slow growing tumours arising from tissues of the neural crest, mainly in autonomic nervous system. They are frequently localized in the posterior mediastinum being the intraspinal involvement very uncommon. We present the case of a female patient with bilateral cervical ganglioneuroma, together with a review of the cases published to date, emphasizing in the main characteristics of these tumours and including them as part of neurofibromatosis type 1 spectrum.

Resumen Los ganglioneuromas son tumores de lento crecimiento que se originan en tejidos derivados de la cresta neural, principalmente en el sistema nervioso autónomo. Se localizan sobre todo en el mediastino posterior, siendo la afectación intraespinal muy poco frecuente. Presentamos el caso de una mujer intervenida de ganglioneuromas localizados en la columna cervical y agrupamos los casos descritos previamente en la literatura inglesa revisando las características principales de estas neoplasias e incluyéndolas en el espectro de manifestaciones de la neurofibromatosis tipo 1.

Resumen. En este artículo, proponemos un nuevo algoritmo tipo Newton inexacto para resolver el problema de complementariedad horizontal mediante su reformulación como un problema de minimización restricto. El algoritmo usa la estrategia de combinar una dirección Newton inexacta con su proyección sobre el conjunto factible; esta última opción solo se usa cuando se necesita garantizar factibilidad. Además, presentamos un análisis teórico y numérico del nuevo algoritmo. MSC2010: 49M15, 90C06, 90C30, 90C33

Abstract. In this article, we proposed a new inexact Newton algorithm to solve the horizontal complementarity problem from its reformulation as a constrained minimization problem. The algorithm uses an inexact Newton direction and it uses the orthogonal projection of that direction on the feasible set only when it is necessary to guarantee feasibility. Moreover, we present a theoretical and numerical analysis of the proposed algorithm.

Abstract Introduction: In high-volume trauma centers, especially in developing countries, penetrating cardiac box injuries are frequent. Although many aspects of penetrating chest injuries have been well established, video-assisted thoracoscopy is still finding its place in cardiac box trauma and algorithmic approaches are still lacking. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a streamlined recommendation for penetrating cardiac box injury in stable patients. Methods: Literature review was carried out using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases to identify articles describing the characteristics and concepts of penetrating cardiac box trauma, including the characteristics of tamponade, cardiac ultrasound, indications and techniques of pericardial windows and, especially, the role of video-assisted thoracoscopy in stable patients. Results: Penetrating cardiac box injuries, whether by stab or gunshot wounds, require rapid surgical consultation. Unstable patients require immediate open surgery, however, determining which stable patients should be taken to thoracoscopic surgery is still controversial. Here, the classification of penetrating cardiac box injury used in Colombia is detailed, as well as the algorithmic approach to these types of trauma. Conclusion: Although open surgery is mandatory in unstable patients with penetrating cardiac box injuries, a more conservative and minimally invasive approach may be undertaken in stable patients. As rapid decision-making is critical in the trauma bay, surgeons working in high-volume trauma centers should expose themselves to thoracoscopy and always consider this possibility in the setting of penetrating cardiac box injuries in stable patients, always in the context of an experienced trauma team. Introduction highvolume high volume countries frequent established videoassisted video assisted lacking Methods PubMedMEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE tamponade ultrasound Results wounds consultation however controversial Here detailed Conclusion decisionmaking decision making bay team

Resumen Contexto: El Batallón de Mantenimiento de Aviación No. 1 del ejército colombiano debe realizar pruebas periódicas del funcionamiento de la Unidad de Control de Generado en sus aeronaves Beechcraft King Air, que obligan al operador a asumir posiciones físicas incómodas y no ergonómicas. Este artículo propone el uso de un banco portátil digital de solución de problemas para estas unidades que facilite la toma de medidas, la interpretación de la información adquirida y la generación de informes técnicos. Método: Para el diseño del banco de pruebas se usó el modelo integrado Integrate, Innovation, Process (IIP) para el desarrollo de proyectos de innovación en tecnología para la aviación. Posteriormente, se establecieron los módulos funcionales del banco y se incluyeron dispositivos de medición de tensiones e impedancias, el sistema de almacenamiento interno de informes y la interfaz de usuario. Se realizaron pruebas junto con operadores técnicos en las aeronaves disponibles de la serie Beechcraft King C-90, 200, B 200, 300 y 350. Finalmente, se elaboró un informe técnico de validación de los resultados del banco. Resultados: Se redujo la cantidad de operarios necesarios para el desarrollo de las pruebas de cuatro a uno. El banco de pruebas digital solo requiere la conexión de arneses de medida por parte del operador, lo que permite una mejora en la ergonomía del personal. Con el uso del banco se disminuye el tiempo de revisión y valoración de la GCU de 120 minutos a 26 minutos, lo cual, a su vez, representa una disminución del 86,66% en consumo de combustible. Conclusiones: Con el uso del banco de pruebas digital de solución de problemas, se redujo la cantidad de operarios necesarios y los tiempos de revisión y valoración de la GCU, lo cual representa una disminución en los gastos en combustible. Su facilidad de transporte del banco permite revisión de las aeronaves fuera de los hangares del Batallón de Mantenimiento, pero se debe contemplar la implementación de un puerto USB para almacenar los informes.

Abstract Context: The Colombian Army’s First Aircraft Maintenance Battalion must periodically test the performance of Generator Control Unit (GCU) on its Beechcraft King Air aircraft, which compels the operator to assume uncomfortable and non-ergonomic physical positions. This article proposes the use of a portable digital troubleshooting test bench for these units that facilitates the taking of measurements, the interpretation of the acquired information, and the technical reports. Method: The Integrate, Innovation, Process model (IIP) for the development of aviation technology innovation projects was used to design the test bench. Then, its functional modules were defined, and voltage and impedance measurement devices, an internal report storage system, and the user interface were included. Tests were conducted together with technical operators on the available Beechcraft King C-90, 200, B 200, 300, and 350 series aircraft. Finally, a technical report was elaborated to validate the test bench results. Results: The number of operators required to carry out the tests was reduced from four to one. The digital test bench only requires the connection of measurement harnesses by the operator, so it allows an improvement in ergonomics for the personnel. Using the bench, the review and evaluation time of the GCU was reduced from 120 minutes to 26 minutes, which implies an 86,66% decrease in fuel consumption. Conclusions: By using the digital troubleshooting test bench, the number of operators needed and the checkup and assessment times of the GCU were reduced, which means a decrease in fuel expenses. Its ease of transportation allows aircraft to be checked outside the Maintenance Battalion hangars, but the implementation of a USB port to store the reports should be considered.

Abstract Obesity is a global public health problem with a concerning increasing rate and no conclusive answer related to its causes. The thrifty genotype, proposed by James V. Neel in 1962, is one of the many hypotheses that intend to explain the epidemic. Neel proposed that genetic variations in hunter-gatherer communities-which were selectively favorable in the past since they allowed to confront famine-are currently a disadvantage because food is plentiful and relatively constant. This conclusion remains valid despite being highly criticized. This review discusses that the hypothesis of the thrifty genotype supports an explicative approach based on biological determinism. This approach, such as social determinism, underestimates the role of individuals as free entities responsible for their own behavior. While a drastic change in the current theoretical framework occurs, in which individuals are considered as independent, free and self-responsible agents with the ability to overcome their heredity and their environment, the idea that the obesity pandemic cannot be explained or solved will be present. Although the influence of these elements in behavior is not rejected, it is proposed that behavior potentially and mainly comes from free will, which is neither biologically nor socially determined.

Resumen La obesidad es un problema de salud pública mundial con un crecimiento alarmante para el cual no se han encontrado respuestas concluyentes en relación con sus causas. Entre las múltiples hipótesis que intentan explicar la epidemia, se encuentra la del genotipo ahorrador, propuesta por James V. Neel en 1962. Neel propone que las variaciones genéticas en comunidades cazadoras-recolectoras que fueron selectivamente favorables en el pasado -ya que permitieron enfrentar episodios de hambruna-, se convierten en una desventaja en la actualidad cuando los alimentos se han vuelto abundantes y son relativamente constantes. A pesar de tener muchos críticos, la conjetura de Neel permanece vigente. En este artículo se argumenta que la hipótesis del genotipo ahorrador apoya un enfoque explicativo basado en el determinismo biológico. Esta postura, al igual que la del determinismo social, subestiman el papel del individuo como un ente libre y responsable. Se hace la consideración de que la pandemia de obesidad no podrá ser explicada ni resuelta en tanto no ocurra un cambio drástico en el marco teórico prevalente en el que se incorpore el enfoque de que el individuo es un agente independiente, libre y responsable de sí mismo, con la capacidad potencial de colocarse por encima de su herencia biológica y del ambiente que lo rodea. No se rechaza la influencia de la biología y el entorno social en la conducta, pero se propone que esta se deriva de manera primordial de decisiones fundadas en el libre albedrío, el cual no está determinado ni biológica ni socialmente.

Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST) constituyen el tipo más frecuente de neoplasia mesenquimal del estroma gastrointestinal. Los casos que presentan características similares clínico-patológicas y moleculares que los GIST se ubican en los tejidos blandos del abdomen, y han sido denominados tumores del estroma extragastrointestinal (EGIST). Son infrecuentes y conocemos poco acerca de su pronóstico y manejo más adecuado. Presentamos el caso de una paciente diagnosticada de EGIST de localización en mesocolon con una evolución atípica. Este tipo de situaciones plantea un reto al diagnóstico diferencial a lo largo de todo el proceso y enfatiza la importancia de un manejo multidisciplinar.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Those GIST arising outside the gastrointestinal tract are called extra-gastrointestinal stromal tumours (EGIST) and share clinical, pathological and molecular features. They are very rare and very little is known about the correct management and prognosis of these neoplasms. The case is presented of a patient with a mesenteric EGIST and an unusual outcome. Its differential diagnosis is difficult, and the need for a multidisciplinary team approach is emphasised.

En muchos países del mundo, los productos farmacéuticos y de cuidado personal (PPCPs) están presentes en el medio acuático, aumentando las preocupaciones entre la comunidad científica respecto a sus posibles destinos y efectos ambientales. Esta investigación presenta un monitoreo preliminar del uso y consumo de PPCPs y su presencia en las aguas residuales de una planta de tratamiento en zona rural de Pereira (Colombia), donde los vertimientos domésticos son tratadas en un sistema tanque séptico-filtro anaerobio y cuyo efluente se vierte en el río Otún antes de la bocatoma del acueducto de la ciudad. Los compuestos monitoreados en esta investigación incluyen ibuprofeno, naproxeno, diclofenaco, aspirina, ketoprofeno, cafeína, galaxolide, tonalida y dihidrojasmonato. Se utilizó un método de análisis multiresiduo adaptado, que se basa en la extracción en fase sólida con cartuchos de balance hydrophilic-lipophilic y determinación por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas. La planta de tratamiento pudo eliminar menos del 50 % del dihidrojasmonato, diclofenaco y galaxolida del agua residual; las concentraciones de aspirina, naproxeno y tonalida sólo fueron reducidas en un 15 %>, y la cafeína, ibuporfeno y ketoprofeno no fueron removidos. Estos resultados proporcionan información base para decidir sobre la necesidad de tratamientos complementarios para los efluentes de estos sistemas de tratamiento.

In several countries around the world, Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) exist in aquatic environments, a fact that increases the awareness within the scientific community with respect to their possible fate and environment effects. This research presents a preliminary monitoring of use, consumption and presence of PPCPs in wastewater from a treatment plant in a rural area of Pereira (Colombia). Domestic sewage is treated in a septic tank followed by an Up-Flow Anaerobic Filter and its effluent is discharged into the Otún River, upstream of the water intake of the supply system of the city. The compounds monitored in this research included ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, aspirin, ketoprofen, caffeine, galaxolide, tonalide and dihydrojasmonate. An adapted method of multi-residue analysis was used, which is based on solid phase extraction with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridges, and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The removal efficiencies demonstrated that the treatment plant could eliminate less than 50 % of dihydrojasmonate, diclofenac and galaxolide existing in wastewater; concentration of aspirin, naproxen and tonalide could only be reduced in 15 %>; and caffeine, ibuprofen and ketoprofen were not removed. Results provided basic information to decide over the necessity of complementary treatments for effluents from systems with the mentioned units.

A necrose da haste em soja é causada pelo vírus Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) e é considerada uma doença emergente e economicamente importante no Brasil. Apenas cultivares tolerantes foram identificadas até o momento, e o controle genético da tolerância permanece desconhecido. Para estudar a herança da tolerância ao CPMMV foram realizados dois cruzamentos para obter as gerações F2 e F2:3, um entre duas cultivares tolerantes (BRS 133 x BRSMT Pintado) e outro entre uma cultivar suscetível (CD 206) e outra tolerante (BRSMT Pintado). Análises qualitativas e quantitativas aplicadas sobre os dados obtidos nas avaliações em casa-de-vegetação mostraram que existem pelo menos dois genes maiores distintos, um na cultivar de soja BRS 133 e outro na cultivar BRSMT Pintado, determinando a tolerância ao CPMMV. Houve predominância de efeitos genéticos aditivos e herdabilidade, que permite a seleção eficiente baseada em médias, mesmo nas primeiras gerações após o cruzamento.

Soybean stem necrosis is caused by Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) and it has been recognized as an emerging and economically important disease in Brazil. No resistant, but only tolerant cultivars have been identified so far, and their genetic control is still unknown. To investigate the inheritance of soybean tolerance to CPMMV, two crosses between tolerant cultivars (BRS 133 x BRSMT Pintado), and between a susceptible (CD 206) and a tolerant cultivar (BRSMT Pintado) were carried out to obtain F2 and F2:3generations. Quantitative and qualitative analyses applied to the data from greenhouse evaluations showed that there are at least two distinct major genes determining tolerance to CPMMV, one in the soybean cultivar BRS 133 and another in the cultivar BRSMT Pintado, with predominance of additive genetic effects and heritability levels that allow for efficient selection based on early generation means.

Abstract:In pediatric medical practice it is common to encounter situations that represent a dilemma for health professionals. A dilemma occurs when ethical problems found in professional practice cause serious internal conflicts because they imply actions that contradict their colleagues, employees, or their own personal values and are classified as personal value conflicts, conflicts with other professionals, conflicts with clients and with organizations.A literature review allowed identifying different models to debate these types of dilemmas. The present work is a review of the search of scientific articles using databases such as Ebsco Host, ProQuest, Ovid, and InMex as well as metasearch tools such as metacrawler. The models found are as follows: Model of Anne Davis, Nijmegen method, Method of Diego Gracia, Integral method, Bochum Center Ethics model, Model of Brody and Payton, Model of Curtin and Flaherty, Model of Thompson and Thompson, SAD method, Model of Javier Morata, Model of Elaine Congress, IFSW model, Model of Loewenberg and Dolgoff, Ley Social Model, DOER method, Model of Brommer, Model of Corey and Callanan, Model of Pope and Vasquez, Model of Bush, Connell and Denney, Model of Ferrell, Gresham and Fraedrich, and Model of Hunt and Vitell.The key criteria shared in the different models are a) specifying the ethical dilemma, b) description of the facts, c) value definition, moral code and facts, decision making and d) identifying alternative solutions. In order to review the literature, some models are explained with the purpose of identifying and representing critical elements that clinical ethics committees could use in a practical manner in pediatric health institutions in Mexico.

Resumen:En la práctica médica pediátrica es frecuente encontrar a pacientes en circunstancias que representan un dilema ético para los profesionales de la salud. Un dilema corresponde a una situación en la que los preceptos morales o las obligaciones de similar obligatoriedad ética se encuentran en conflicto, de forma que cualquier solución posible al dilema es moralmente intolerable.Una revisión de la literatura permitió identificar diferentes modelos que abordan esta clase de dilemas. Se localizaron artículos utilizando las bases de datos Ebsco Host, ProQuest, Ovid e InMex, así como metabuscadores como metacrawler. Algunos de los modelos analizados fueron los siguientes: el Modelo de Anne Davis, el Método de Nijmegen, el Método de Diego Gracia, el Método Integral, el Modelo del Centro de Ética Médica de Bochum, el Modelo de Brody y Payton, el Modelo de Curtin y Flaherty, el Modelo de Thompson y Thompson, la Fórmula SAD, el Modelo de Javier Morata, el Modelo de Elaine Congress, el Modelo IFSW, el Modelo de Loewenberg y Dolgoff, el Modelo de la Ley Social, el Método DOER, el Modelo de Brommer, el Modelo de Corey y Callanan, el Modelo de Pope y Vasquez, el Modelo de Bush, Connell y Denney, el Modelo de Ferrell, Gresham y Fraedrich y el Modelo de Hunt y Vitell.Los criterios compartidos entre los diferentes modelos fueron los siguientes: a) la especificación del dilema ético; b) la descripción de los hechos a considerar; c) la definición de valores, principios y la postura ética que será tomada en consideración; y d) la toma de decisiones con la identificación de alternativas de solución. De acuerdo con la literatura revisada, se explican algunos modelos con el fin de identificar y ejemplificar elementos críticos que pudieran ser utilizados de manera práctica por los Comités de Ética Clínica u Hospitalaria en las instituciones de salud pediátrica en México.

Genetic inheritance of soybean resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis was studied by evaluating the phenotypic reaction of soybean plants to the nematode. The resistant (Forrest and Custer) and susceptible (BR96-25619) soybean cultivars used as parents as well as the F1, F2 and F2:3 derived from their crosses were infested individually with 1,000 eggs and vermiform R. reniformis. About 70 days after the infestation, the nematodes were extracted from the roots and the reproduction factors and the numbers of nematodes per gram of roots were estimated, and data were adjusted for genetic models. Results suggested a predominance of additive genetic effects controlling the nematode resistance reaction. Based on mean and variance genetic models, further genetic gains are expected in the crossing Custer x BR96-25619. The effect of genetic dominance is towards susceptibility. The presence of significant epistasis indicates the existence of at least two genes controlling resistance and that they are interacting. The normal continuous distribution of frequencies of the number of individuals in different classes of resistance indicates that the resistance to the reniform nematode is inherited quantitatively.

La disección aórtica clásica es el síndrome aórtico más habitual. El común denominador de los síndromes aórticos agudos es la disrupción de la capa media, la presencia de hemorragia dentro de la pared (hematoma intramural), la separación extensa y progresiva de las capas en forma longitudinal (disección aórtica) y la disrupción de la pared debido a una placa ateromatosa que se ulcera (úlcera aterosclerótica penetrante). Los factores de riesgo asociados con mayor frecuencia son la hipertensión arterial (72%), la aterosclerosis (31%) y el antecedente de cirugía cardíaca previa. La clasificación de la disección aórtica aguda depende del sitio anatómico donde se encuentra el daño intimal y del segmento aórtico afectado. Las dos clasificaciones más usadas son los sistemas de DeBakey y Standford. El síntoma más común es el dolor torácico. En diferentes algoritmos se han usado la combinación de signos clínicos, herramientas no imaginológicas (electrocardiograma, los biomarcadores y la radiografía de tórax), y técnicas diagnósticas como el ecocardiograma, la tomografía axial computarizada, la aortografía y la resonancia magnética nuclear. Los síndromes aórticos agudos que comprometen la aorta ascendente son emergencias quirúrgicas. Conclusiones: la disección aórtica continúa siendo una enfermedad vascular catastrófica, a pesar del manejo con técnicas quirúrgicas y el advenimiento de nuevas intervenciones endovasculares. La sospecha clínica y la consulta al especialista en cirugía cardiovascular son pilares fundamentales en el abordaje terapéutico temprano de los pacientes afectados por los síndromes aórticos agudos.

Classic aortic dissection is the most common aortic syndrome. The common denominator of acute aortic syndromes is the disruption of the middle layer, the presence of hemorrhage within the aortic wall (intramural hematoma), longitudinal extensive and progressive separation of the layers (aortic dissection) and disruption of the wall due to ulceration of an atheromatous plaque (penetrating atheromatous ulcer). The risk factors most frequently associated with aortic dissection are hypertension (72%), atherosclerosis (31%) and a history of previous cardiac surgery. The classification of acute aortic dissection depends on the anatomical site of the intimal damage and the affected aortic segment. The two most widely used classifications are the DeBakey and Stanford systems. The most common symptom is chest pain. The combination of clinical signs, non-imaginological tools (electrocardiogram, biomarkers and chest radiography), and diagnostic techniques such as echocardiography, computed tomography, aortography and MRI have been used in different algorithms. Acute aortic syndromes that involve the ascending aorta are surgical emergencies. Conclusions: aortic dissection remains a catastrophic vascular disease, despite surgical management techniques and the advent of new endovascular interventions. Clinical suspicion and consultation with a cardiovascular surgeon are cornerstones in the early therapeutic approach for patients affected by acute aortic syndromes.

Este estudo objetivou determinar os efeitos, em duas cultivares de soja (Glycine max), causados por duas estirpes do Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) e da idade das plantas na inoculação em relação a parâmetros ligados ao rendimento. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, nos quais as cultivares BRS 183 e UFV-16 Capinópolis foram inoculadas, mecânica e isoladamente, com as estirpes G1 e G5 do SMV, em três diferentes idades após a emergência. Os experimentos foram instalados segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições. Foram avaliados diferentes características relacionadas à produção e qualidade de grãos e constatou-se que: (i) as duas estirpes causam danos sobre diferentes características ligadas ao rendimento e manchas nas sementes; (ii) a estirpe G1 é mais severa que a estirpe G5; (iii) a idade da planta na inoculação do SMV afeta o nível de danos; (iv) a porcentagem de sementes manchadas e o grau de mancha ocorrem com diferentes intensidades de acordo com o ambiente, cultivar, estirpe e idade da planta na inoculação. As características em cada combinação de peso de matéria seca e peso de grãos, peso de raiz e volume de raiz, porcentagem de sementes manchadas e grau de manchas, apresentaram correlações significativas nas duas cultivares, permitindo que se faça opção por apenas uma característica de cada combinação, para avaliar as perdas em plantas infetadas.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects on the yield of two soybean cultivars caused by two strains of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and of the age of plants at the moment of inoculation. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. Plants of the cultivars BRS 183 and UFV-16 Capinópolis were mechanically inoculated with strains G1 or G5, at three different ages. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with five replications. Differents characteristics related to yield and seed quality were evaluated. The conclusions were: (i) the two SMV strains cause significant losses in soybean yield and seed quality; (ii) the SMV G1 strain causes more losses than the G5 strain; (iii) plant age at inoculation affects the level of losses; (iv) the percentage of mottled seeds and the level of mottle in seeds were affected by the environment, cultivar, virus strain and age of plants at the moment of inoculation. The characteristics of each combination, plant dry weight and seed weight, root weight and volume, percentage of mottle seeds and level of mottling, showed a significant correlation in both cultivars, thus allowing the use of one characteristic from each pair to evaluate losses.

Macrophomina phaseolina é considerado como um dos fungos mais prevalecentes em infecções radiculares de soja, no Brasil. Nenhuma fonte de resistência genética foi ainda encontrada. Além disso, nenhuma informação foi obtida quanto à variabilidade genética deste patógeno, em regiões tropicais. Cinqüenta e cinco isolados de raízes de soja (Glycine Max), obtidos de diferentes regiões geográficas, foram analisados por RAPD para avaliação da diversidade genética. Análise de agrupamento (UPGMA), utilizando 74 loci, permitiu identificar três grupos, com uma média de 99%, 92% e 88% de similaridade genética, respectivamente. Os três grupos correspondem a 5,45%, 59,95% e 34,6% de todos os isolados utilizados. Apenas uma planta estava infetada por três diferentes haplotipos, enquanto 10,9% de todas as plantas estavam infetadas por haplotipos pertencentes a dois diferentes grupos. Em outro estudo a similaridade genética foi determinada entre isolados originários de diferentes hospedeiros [soja, sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), girassol (Helianthus annuus), caupi (Vigna unguiculata), milho (Zea mays) e trigo (Triticum aestivum)] e de duas amostras de solo de áreas virgens. Os resultados mostraram que isolados mais divergentes são oriundos de áreas com monocultura. Amplificação da região ITS produziram apenas um fragmento com 620 pb. Nenhum dos isolados foi diferenciado quando o produto amplificado por PCR foi digerido com enzimas de restrição. Os resultados demonstram a existência de variabilidade genética entre os isolados brasileiros de M. phaseolina e mostram que uma única raiz pode ter mais de um haplotipo. Além disso, a rotação de cultura induz menos diversidade genética entre os isolados. O conhecimento dessa variabilidade pode ser útil na seleção de genótipos resistentes à podridão de carvão.

Macrophomina phaseolina has been considered one of the most prevalent soybean (Glycine max) pathogens in Brazil. No genetic resistance has been determined in soybean and very little is known about the genetic diversity of this pathogen in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Fifty-five isolates from soybean roots were collected in different regions and analyzed through RAPD for genetic diversity. The UPGMA cluster analysis for 74 loci scored permitted identification of three divergent groups with an average similarity of 99%, 92% and 88%, respectively. The three groups corresponded to 5.45%, 59.95% and 34.6%, respectively of all isolates used. A single plant had three different haplotypes, while 10.9% of the analyzed plants had two different haplotypes. In another study the genetic similarity was evaluated among isolates from different hosts [soybean, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), corn (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)] as well as two soil samples from native areas. Results showed that more divergent isolates originated from areas with a single crop. Isolates from areas with crop rotation were less divergent, showing high similarity values and consequently formed the largest group. Amplification of the ITS region using primers ITS1 and ITS4 produced only one DNA fragment of 620 bp. None of the isolates were differentiated through PCR-RFLP. Our results demonstrated genetic variability among Brazilian isolates of M. phaseolina and showed that one single root can harbor more than one haplotype. Moreover, cultivation with crop rotation tends to induce less specialization of the pathogen isolates. Knowledge of this variation may be useful in screening soybean genotypes for resistance to charcoal rot.

O teor de óleo em grãos de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) é um caráter poligênico e complexo, responsivo aos efeitos ambientais presentes durante o desenvolvimento da planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as respostas no teor de óleo em grãos de soja cultivada sob diferentes condições de fotoperíodo e temperatura. Três cultivares com florescimento clássico (BR13, FT2 e BR8529009) e uma com período juvenil longo (OCEPAR 8) e as gerações descendentes F2, F3 e F9 obtidas dos possíveis cruzamentos entre elas (incluindo os recíprocos) foram semeadas em 27 de setembro, 20 de outubro e 17 de dezembro de 1993 em Londrina, Estado do Paraná, Brasil (latitude entre 23o08'47" e 23o55'46" S). As datas de semeadura de outubro e de dezembro estão dentro da época recomendada pela pesquisa para a cultura da soja no Paraná. Pela análise de variância, houve significância para diferenças entre épocas de semeadura, linhagens e para a interação entre linhagens com épocas de semeadura. O teor de óleo nas sementes aumentou de setembro para outubro e diminuiu de outubro para dezembro para todos os materiais, com maior redução para FT-2 e OCEPAR 8 entre os parentais. A variância genética aditiva (D) ou aditiva entre genes ligados (D1) foi significativa para todos os cruzamentos e épocas de semeadura. Interações do tipo genótipo por micro-ambiente foram importantes para alguns cruzamentos. Entre os parâmetros genéticos de médias, os efeitos aditivos [d] foram maiores em setembro e outubro e a interação do tipo aditivo x aditivo [i] foi importante em outubro. Efeitos significativos para a dominância [h] foram mais freqüentes em dezembro e outubro, geralmente no sentido de aumentar o teor de óleo nas sementes. As estimativas da herdabilidade variaram de 15% a 43%, com maiores valores para a semeadura de setembro. As previsões do potencial dos cruzamentos para gerar linhas puras superiores para teor de óleo nas sementes indicaram que a seleção pode ser efetiva para a maioria dos cruzamentos. A maior proporção de linhas puras acima da referência (linhagens com mais de 22% de óleo) foi observada para BR85-29009 x OCEPAR 8 em setembro, FT2 x OCEPAR 8 em outubro e em BR85-29009 x OCEPAR 8 e BR-13 x OCEPAR 8 em dezembro.

The oil content of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) seeds is a polygenic and complex trait that is responsive to environmental effects that occur during plant development. Our objective was to study the seed oil content of soybeans developed under diverse photoperiod and temperature conditions. Three parental inbred lines with classic (BR-13, FT-2 and BR85-29009) and one with long juvenile flowering type (OCEPAR 8) and the F2, F3, and F9 generations derived from all possible crosses between them (including reciprocals) were sowed in September 27th, October 20th and December 17th in 1993 in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil (between 23o08'47" and 23o55'46" latitude S). The October and December sowing dates are within the period the varietal research personnel recommend for sowing soybeans in Paraná State. The analysis of variance indicated significant differences among sowing dates, among advanced inbred lines, and the sowing date x inbred line interaction. Seed oil content increased from September to October and decreased from October to December in all materials, but the reduction was greater in FT-2 and OCEPAR 8 among the parentals. The additive genetic variance (D) or additive variance among linked genes (D1) was significant for all crosses and sowing dates. Genotype x micro-environment interactions were important in some crosses. The additive [d] effects were greater in September and October, and the additive x additive interaction [i] was important in October among the mean genetic parameters. Significant dominance effects [h] were more frequent in December and October, often in direction of the increased seed oil content. The heritability estimates ranged from 15 to 43%, with the highest values obtained in September. The prediction of cross potential to generate higher seed oil inbred lines indicated that selection is likely to be successful in most crosses. The highest proportion of inbred lines with seed oil percentage above the standard (lines with more than 22% seed oil content) was for BR85-29009 x OCEPAR 8 in September, FT-2 x OCEPAR 8 in October, and in BR85-29009 x OCEPAR 8 and BR-13 x OCEPAR 8 in December.